Poetry, with its diverse forms and structures, offers a rich tapestry of expression. One such form is the villanelle​, a nineteen-line poem known for its unique pattern of repetition and rhyme. Understanding how to identify a villanelle involves recognizing its specific structural elements and stylistic features.

What is the Villanelle

The villanelle is a fixed poetic form that originated in France and has been embraced by poets worldwide. Its distinctive structure and rhythmic repetition create a musical and often haunting quality, making it a favorite choice for expressing themes of obsession, longing, or despair.

Structural Components of a Villanelle

To identify a villanelle, it’s essential to understand its structural elements:

1. Total Lines: A villanelle consists of 19 lines in total.

2. Stanza Arrangement:

• First Section: Five tercets (three-line stanzas).

• Final Section: One quatrain (four-line stanza).

3. Rhyme Scheme: The poem follows a specific pattern of rhymes:

• The first and third lines of the initial tercet establish two rhyming sounds, denoted as ‘A’ and ‘B’.

• The rhyme scheme alternates between these sounds throughout the poem, following this pattern:

1. A1 b A2 / a b A1 / a b A2 / a b A1 / a b A1 A2

2. Here, ‘A1’ and ‘A2’ represent the refrains, and ‘a’ and ‘b’ are the rhymes.

4. Refrains:

• The first and third lines of the initial tercet are repeated alternately at the end of each subsequent tercet.

• In the final quatrain, these refrains appear together as the last two lines.

Historical Context

The term “villanelle” originates from the Italian word villanella, referring to a rustic song or dance. Initially, these songs had no fixed form and often depicted pastoral themes. The structured villanelle we recognize today evolved from French poets in the 16th century, notably influenced by Jean Passerat’s poem “Villanelle (J’ay perdu ma Tourterelle)” published in 1606.

Characteristics of a Villanelle

Beyond its structural elements, a villanelle often exhibits the following characteristics:

• Repetition: The alternating refrains create a rhythmic and cyclical feel, emphasizing the poem’s central themes.

• Fixed Form: The rigid structure challenges poets to be inventive within constraints, often leading to heightened emotional expression.

• Thematic Depth: The repetitive nature is well-suited for exploring obsessive thoughts, cyclical emotions, or persistent desires.

Examples of Villanelles

To further understand the villanelle’s form, consider these notable examples:

“Do not go gentle into that good night” by Dylan Thomas:

Do not go gentle into that good night,
Old age should burn and rave at close of day;
Rage, rage against the dying of the light.

In this poem, the repeated lines emphasize the poet’s plea against passive acceptance of death.

“One Art” by Elizabeth Bishop:

The art of losing isn’t hard to master;
So many things seem filled with the intent
To be lost that their loss is no disaster.

Bishop’s villanelle uses repetition to convey the process of coping with loss.

How to Identify a Villanelle

When examining a poem to determine if it’s a villanelle, consider the following steps:

1. Count the Lines: Ensure the poem has 19 lines.

2. Analyze Stanzas:

• Verify there are five tercets followed by a quatrain.

3. Check the Rhyme Scheme:

• Confirm the alternating rhyme pattern with two repeating sounds.

4. Identify Refrains:

• Look for the repetition of the first and third lines of the initial tercet at specified positions throughout the poem.

Conclusion

Recognizing a villanelle involves understanding its unique structural and stylistic features. By familiarizing yourself with its 19-line format, specific rhyme scheme, and the strategic placement of refrains, you can identify and appreciate the intricacies of this poetic form. Whether you’re analyzing poetry or crafting your own, the villanelle offers a compelling blend of challenge and expressive potential.