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  • The MBBS program in Iran typically spans six years, including both theoretical and practical training. The first five years focus on classroom learning, pre-clinical studies, and hospital-based practice, while the final year is dedicated to an internship or clinical rotation in affiliated hospitals.
    visit: https://educationvibes.in/country/MBBS-Abroad/Iran
    The MBBS program in Iran typically spans six years, including both theoretical and practical training. The first five years focus on classroom learning, pre-clinical studies, and hospital-based practice, while the final year is dedicated to an internship or clinical rotation in affiliated hospitals. visit: https://educationvibes.in/country/MBBS-Abroad/Iran
    EDUCATIONVIBES.IN
    MBBS in Iran: Top Universities, Fees, Eligibility & Scope in 2025
    Iran is known for its reputable medical schools and MBBS programs. The MBBS degree in Iran is called MD (Doctor of Medicine) and is equivalent to the MBBS degree offered in other countries.
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  • ISO 27001 Course: Why Organisations & Professionals Need It — Plus How It Links to ISO 9001 Certification
    In an age where data is one of the most valuable business assets, protecting it has become a top priority. Whether it’s customer information, financial data, or intellectual property, a single breach can destroy an organisation’s reputation overnight. This is why ISO 27001 certification has emerged as a gold standard for information security.
    To achieve and maintain this certification, both organisations and professionals need the right skills — which is where a well-structured ISO 27001 course or ISO 27001 training program comes into play. Interestingly, companies that already hold or aim for ISO 9001 certification (Quality Management System) often find a natural alignment between these two frameworks.
    This blog explores why the ISO 27001 course is essential, who should take it, the path to ISO 27001 certification, and how it connects with ISO 9001 certification to create a strong foundation for excellence, compliance, and trust.
    ________________________________________
    Understanding ISO 27001: The Core of Information Security
    ISO/IEC 27001 is an international standard that specifies the requirements for an Information Security Management System (ISMS). It provides a systematic approach to managing sensitive company information so that it remains secure — encompassing people, processes, and IT systems.
    The framework focuses on three key principles of information security:
    • Confidentiality – Ensuring that only authorized people have access to information.
    • Integrity – Maintaining the accuracy and completeness of data.
    • Availability – Ensuring information is accessible to authorized users whenever required.
    Obtaining ISO 27001 certification demonstrates that an organisation is committed to managing data securely and systematically. However, understanding and implementing the standard’s requirements requires specialized knowledge — which professionals gain through an ISO 27001 course.
    ________________________________________
    What Is an ISO 27001 Course?
    An ISO 27001 course provides the knowledge and skills needed to implement, manage, and audit an Information Security Management System in line with ISO 27001 requirements. These courses are designed for individuals and teams responsible for protecting organisational data, conducting audits, or maintaining compliance.
    There are different levels of ISO 27001 training:
    1. ISO 27001 Awareness Course – Introduces the basic concepts of information security and ISO 27001 principles.
    2. ISO 27001 Foundation Course – Covers ISMS fundamentals, structure, and terminology.
    3. ISO 27001 Lead Implementer Course – Prepares professionals to plan, implement, and maintain an ISMS within an organisation.
    4. ISO 27001 Lead Auditor Course – Focuses on auditing principles and techniques, preparing participants to conduct internal or external audits.
    Each course builds progressively, helping professionals move from understanding the basics to becoming certified implementers or auditors.
    ________________________________________
    Why Organisations Need ISO 27001 Training
    1. To Strengthen Data Protection
    The increasing number of cyberattacks and data breaches makes information security training essential. By enrolling staff in ISO 27001 training, organisations ensure their teams are aware of how to identify and mitigate potential threats effectively.
    2. To Prepare for ISO 27001 Certification
    Preparing for ISO 27001 certification involves multiple steps: defining the ISMS scope, performing risk assessments, selecting controls, and documenting processes. Training provides the expertise needed to execute each phase smoothly and avoid costly mistakes during audits.
    3. To Build a Security Culture
    An organisation’s security posture depends heavily on its employees. ISO 27001 training helps foster a culture of awareness and responsibility, reducing the likelihood of human error — one of the leading causes of data breaches.
    4. To Gain Customer and Partner Trust
    When clients see that your organisation has ISO 27001 certification, they gain confidence that their data is in safe hands. This trust can become a major differentiator in competitive industries such as IT, healthcare, and finance.
    5. To Ensure Regulatory Compliance
    Regulations like GDPR, HIPAA, and India’s Digital Personal Data Protection Act (DPDPA) emphasize information security and privacy. Implementing ISO 27001 helps organisations align with these laws and avoid non-compliance penalties.
    ________________________________________
    Why Professionals Should Take an ISO 27001 Course
    While organisations benefit as a whole, individual professionals can advance their careers significantly by earning ISO 27001 credentials.
    1. Career Advancement
    Professionals trained in ISO 27001 are in high demand across industries. Whether you’re an IT professional, compliance officer, or consultant, certification validates your expertise and opens doors to higher-paying roles.
    2. Global Recognition
    Since ISO 27001 is an international standard, your qualification is recognized worldwide. This gives professionals the flexibility to work across geographies and industries.
    3. Practical Skills
    An ISO 27001 course doesn’t just teach theory — it provides hands-on exercises such as risk assessments, internal audit simulations, and policy development. These practical insights make you job-ready.
    4. Consulting and Auditing Opportunities
    Certified ISO 27001 Lead Auditors and Lead Implementers can offer consulting services, conduct external audits, and support organisations in achieving certification — creating excellent business opportunities.
    ________________________________________
    The ISO 27001 Certification Process: Step-by-Step
    Understanding the ISO 27001 certification journey helps you see where ISO 27001 training fits into the picture.
    1. Gap Analysis: Evaluate your current processes and identify areas that don’t comply with ISO 27001.
    2. Scope Definition: Determine what parts of the business will be covered under the ISMS.
    3. Risk Assessment: Identify and evaluate potential security risks and their impact.
    4. Risk Treatment Plan: Decide how to mitigate, transfer, or accept these risks.
    5. Documentation: Develop policies, procedures, and controls required by the standard.
    6. Implementation: Apply these processes across the organisation and ensure compliance.
    7. Internal Audit: Conduct internal audits to ensure readiness before certification.
    8. Management Review: Senior management reviews the ISMS performance and audit results.
    9. Certification Audit: External auditors assess compliance during Stage 1 (documentation) and Stage 2 (implementation) audits.
    10. Continuous Improvement: Maintain and improve the ISMS to ensure ongoing compliance.
    Professionals who complete an ISO 27001 course or ISO 27001 training program are equipped to handle each of these stages effectively, ensuring a smoother certification journey.
    ________________________________________
    Linking ISO 27001 Certification with ISO 9001 Certification
    While ISO 27001 focuses on information security, ISO 9001 deals with quality management. However, both standards share a similar structure and management system principles, making them highly compatible.
    Here’s how ISO 27001 certification and ISO 9001 certification complement each other:
    1. Shared Framework: Annex SL
    Both standards use the Annex SL framework, which defines a common structure for all ISO management systems. This means processes like internal audits, management reviews, and continuous improvement can be integrated — saving time and effort.
    2. Enhanced Risk Management
    ISO 9001 takes a risk-based approach to quality, while ISO 27001 focuses on information security risks. Integrating both systems provides a unified method for managing business and security risks simultaneously.
    3. Improved Operational Efficiency
    Implementing both ISO 9001 and ISO 27001 allows organisations to streamline documentation, align objectives, and improve communication across departments. This reduces redundancy and operational costs.
    4. Reinforced Customer Confidence
    When a company holds both ISO 9001 certification and ISO 27001 certification, it demonstrates a commitment to both quality and security. Customers are assured that not only are your processes efficient, but their data is also protected.
    5. Stronger Governance and Continuous Improvement
    Both standards emphasize leadership involvement and continual improvement. Integrating them ensures senior management drives excellence across all areas — from quality control to cybersecurity.
    ________________________________________
    Benefits of Taking an Integrated Approach
    Organisations that pursue an integrated management system combining ISO 9001 certification and ISO 27001 certification enjoy significant advantages:
    • Reduced Audit Fatigue: Combined audits save time and reduce disruption.
    • Simplified Documentation: Shared processes mean fewer documents to maintain.
    • Consistent Objectives: Unified goals for quality, security, and compliance.
    • Holistic Growth: Balances customer satisfaction with data protection.
    For professionals, understanding both standards expands career prospects and makes them valuable assets for organisations implementing integrated systems.
    ________________________________________
    Choosing the Right ISO 27001 Course Provider
    Selecting the right training provider is crucial to get real value from your ISO 27001 course. Here’s what to look for:
    • Accredited ATO (Approved Training Organisation): Ensure the course provider is accredited by recognized certification bodies.
    • Experienced Trainers: Instructors with practical implementation and audit experience bring real-world insights.
    • Comprehensive Course Content: The course should cover the full ISO 27001 framework, case studies, and hands-on exercises.
    • Post-Training Support: Templates, mentorship, or exam preparation assistance add long-term value.
    • Flexible Learning Options: Choose between online, classroom, or hybrid training formats based on your schedule.
    A reputable provider ensures you not only understand ISO 27001 concepts but can apply them effectively to achieve certification success.
    ________________________________________
    Conclusion: Building a Secure and Quality-Driven Future
    In today’s data-driven world, trust and quality are the foundations of business success. Completing an ISO 27001 course equips professionals with the expertise to protect valuable information assets, while ISO 27001 certification helps organisations build credibility and compliance.
    When combined with ISO 9001 certification, organisations achieve an integrated management system that promotes both quality and security — driving long-term growth, operational efficiency, and stakeholder confidence.
    Whether you’re a professional aiming to boost your career or an organisation preparing for certification, investing in ISO 27001 training is one of the smartest decisions you can make. It’s not just about compliance — it’s about building resilience, trust, and excellence in a world that demands all three.

    https://www.novelvista.com/iso-27001-2022-lead-auditor-certification
    ISO 27001 Course: Why Organisations & Professionals Need It — Plus How It Links to ISO 9001 Certification In an age where data is one of the most valuable business assets, protecting it has become a top priority. Whether it’s customer information, financial data, or intellectual property, a single breach can destroy an organisation’s reputation overnight. This is why ISO 27001 certification has emerged as a gold standard for information security. To achieve and maintain this certification, both organisations and professionals need the right skills — which is where a well-structured ISO 27001 course or ISO 27001 training program comes into play. Interestingly, companies that already hold or aim for ISO 9001 certification (Quality Management System) often find a natural alignment between these two frameworks. This blog explores why the ISO 27001 course is essential, who should take it, the path to ISO 27001 certification, and how it connects with ISO 9001 certification to create a strong foundation for excellence, compliance, and trust. ________________________________________ Understanding ISO 27001: The Core of Information Security ISO/IEC 27001 is an international standard that specifies the requirements for an Information Security Management System (ISMS). It provides a systematic approach to managing sensitive company information so that it remains secure — encompassing people, processes, and IT systems. The framework focuses on three key principles of information security: • Confidentiality – Ensuring that only authorized people have access to information. • Integrity – Maintaining the accuracy and completeness of data. • Availability – Ensuring information is accessible to authorized users whenever required. Obtaining ISO 27001 certification demonstrates that an organisation is committed to managing data securely and systematically. However, understanding and implementing the standard’s requirements requires specialized knowledge — which professionals gain through an ISO 27001 course. ________________________________________ What Is an ISO 27001 Course? An ISO 27001 course provides the knowledge and skills needed to implement, manage, and audit an Information Security Management System in line with ISO 27001 requirements. These courses are designed for individuals and teams responsible for protecting organisational data, conducting audits, or maintaining compliance. There are different levels of ISO 27001 training: 1. ISO 27001 Awareness Course – Introduces the basic concepts of information security and ISO 27001 principles. 2. ISO 27001 Foundation Course – Covers ISMS fundamentals, structure, and terminology. 3. ISO 27001 Lead Implementer Course – Prepares professionals to plan, implement, and maintain an ISMS within an organisation. 4. ISO 27001 Lead Auditor Course – Focuses on auditing principles and techniques, preparing participants to conduct internal or external audits. Each course builds progressively, helping professionals move from understanding the basics to becoming certified implementers or auditors. ________________________________________ Why Organisations Need ISO 27001 Training 1. To Strengthen Data Protection The increasing number of cyberattacks and data breaches makes information security training essential. By enrolling staff in ISO 27001 training, organisations ensure their teams are aware of how to identify and mitigate potential threats effectively. 2. To Prepare for ISO 27001 Certification Preparing for ISO 27001 certification involves multiple steps: defining the ISMS scope, performing risk assessments, selecting controls, and documenting processes. Training provides the expertise needed to execute each phase smoothly and avoid costly mistakes during audits. 3. To Build a Security Culture An organisation’s security posture depends heavily on its employees. ISO 27001 training helps foster a culture of awareness and responsibility, reducing the likelihood of human error — one of the leading causes of data breaches. 4. To Gain Customer and Partner Trust When clients see that your organisation has ISO 27001 certification, they gain confidence that their data is in safe hands. This trust can become a major differentiator in competitive industries such as IT, healthcare, and finance. 5. To Ensure Regulatory Compliance Regulations like GDPR, HIPAA, and India’s Digital Personal Data Protection Act (DPDPA) emphasize information security and privacy. Implementing ISO 27001 helps organisations align with these laws and avoid non-compliance penalties. ________________________________________ Why Professionals Should Take an ISO 27001 Course While organisations benefit as a whole, individual professionals can advance their careers significantly by earning ISO 27001 credentials. 1. Career Advancement Professionals trained in ISO 27001 are in high demand across industries. Whether you’re an IT professional, compliance officer, or consultant, certification validates your expertise and opens doors to higher-paying roles. 2. Global Recognition Since ISO 27001 is an international standard, your qualification is recognized worldwide. This gives professionals the flexibility to work across geographies and industries. 3. Practical Skills An ISO 27001 course doesn’t just teach theory — it provides hands-on exercises such as risk assessments, internal audit simulations, and policy development. These practical insights make you job-ready. 4. Consulting and Auditing Opportunities Certified ISO 27001 Lead Auditors and Lead Implementers can offer consulting services, conduct external audits, and support organisations in achieving certification — creating excellent business opportunities. ________________________________________ The ISO 27001 Certification Process: Step-by-Step Understanding the ISO 27001 certification journey helps you see where ISO 27001 training fits into the picture. 1. Gap Analysis: Evaluate your current processes and identify areas that don’t comply with ISO 27001. 2. Scope Definition: Determine what parts of the business will be covered under the ISMS. 3. Risk Assessment: Identify and evaluate potential security risks and their impact. 4. Risk Treatment Plan: Decide how to mitigate, transfer, or accept these risks. 5. Documentation: Develop policies, procedures, and controls required by the standard. 6. Implementation: Apply these processes across the organisation and ensure compliance. 7. Internal Audit: Conduct internal audits to ensure readiness before certification. 8. Management Review: Senior management reviews the ISMS performance and audit results. 9. Certification Audit: External auditors assess compliance during Stage 1 (documentation) and Stage 2 (implementation) audits. 10. Continuous Improvement: Maintain and improve the ISMS to ensure ongoing compliance. Professionals who complete an ISO 27001 course or ISO 27001 training program are equipped to handle each of these stages effectively, ensuring a smoother certification journey. ________________________________________ Linking ISO 27001 Certification with ISO 9001 Certification While ISO 27001 focuses on information security, ISO 9001 deals with quality management. However, both standards share a similar structure and management system principles, making them highly compatible. Here’s how ISO 27001 certification and ISO 9001 certification complement each other: 1. Shared Framework: Annex SL Both standards use the Annex SL framework, which defines a common structure for all ISO management systems. This means processes like internal audits, management reviews, and continuous improvement can be integrated — saving time and effort. 2. Enhanced Risk Management ISO 9001 takes a risk-based approach to quality, while ISO 27001 focuses on information security risks. Integrating both systems provides a unified method for managing business and security risks simultaneously. 3. Improved Operational Efficiency Implementing both ISO 9001 and ISO 27001 allows organisations to streamline documentation, align objectives, and improve communication across departments. This reduces redundancy and operational costs. 4. Reinforced Customer Confidence When a company holds both ISO 9001 certification and ISO 27001 certification, it demonstrates a commitment to both quality and security. Customers are assured that not only are your processes efficient, but their data is also protected. 5. Stronger Governance and Continuous Improvement Both standards emphasize leadership involvement and continual improvement. Integrating them ensures senior management drives excellence across all areas — from quality control to cybersecurity. ________________________________________ Benefits of Taking an Integrated Approach Organisations that pursue an integrated management system combining ISO 9001 certification and ISO 27001 certification enjoy significant advantages: • Reduced Audit Fatigue: Combined audits save time and reduce disruption. • Simplified Documentation: Shared processes mean fewer documents to maintain. • Consistent Objectives: Unified goals for quality, security, and compliance. • Holistic Growth: Balances customer satisfaction with data protection. For professionals, understanding both standards expands career prospects and makes them valuable assets for organisations implementing integrated systems. ________________________________________ Choosing the Right ISO 27001 Course Provider Selecting the right training provider is crucial to get real value from your ISO 27001 course. Here’s what to look for: • Accredited ATO (Approved Training Organisation): Ensure the course provider is accredited by recognized certification bodies. • Experienced Trainers: Instructors with practical implementation and audit experience bring real-world insights. • Comprehensive Course Content: The course should cover the full ISO 27001 framework, case studies, and hands-on exercises. • Post-Training Support: Templates, mentorship, or exam preparation assistance add long-term value. • Flexible Learning Options: Choose between online, classroom, or hybrid training formats based on your schedule. A reputable provider ensures you not only understand ISO 27001 concepts but can apply them effectively to achieve certification success. ________________________________________ Conclusion: Building a Secure and Quality-Driven Future In today’s data-driven world, trust and quality are the foundations of business success. Completing an ISO 27001 course equips professionals with the expertise to protect valuable information assets, while ISO 27001 certification helps organisations build credibility and compliance. When combined with ISO 9001 certification, organisations achieve an integrated management system that promotes both quality and security — driving long-term growth, operational efficiency, and stakeholder confidence. Whether you’re a professional aiming to boost your career or an organisation preparing for certification, investing in ISO 27001 training is one of the smartest decisions you can make. It’s not just about compliance — it’s about building resilience, trust, and excellence in a world that demands all three. https://www.novelvista.com/iso-27001-2022-lead-auditor-certification
    0 Commentaires 0 Parts 665 Vue
  • Esistono gli italiani su base genetica, in base agli studi del DNA recenti ? "Il DNA degli italiani di oggi è per larga parte lo stesso che avevano gli abitanti della penisola italica all’epoca dei Romani — con variazioni regionali dovute a invasioni, migrazioni e scambi mediterranei successivi. Nel complesso, le popolazioni italiane sono geneticamente molto continue con quelle di 2500–3000 anni fa: non esistono “sostituzioni di massa” dopo l’Età del Ferro, solo graduali apporti regionali."

    Quindi, in base alla scienza, genetica insomma, la sostituzione in atto degli italiani oggi è la prima da 2,500 anni
    G.Zibordi

    ---------------- Chatgpt ----------
    Quando si parla di “DNA degli italiani”, si intende la composizione genetica media della popolazione residente nella Penisola Italiana oggi, che riflette:
    antiche migrazioni (Neolitico, Età del Bronzo, ecc.);
    spostamenti storici (Etruschi, Romani, Longobardi, Arabi, Normanni...);
    e l’isolamento relativo di alcune aree (Sardegna, Alpi, Appennini).
    Gli studi genomici moderni usano campioni di DNA antico (prelevato da scheletri) e DNA moderno, confrontandoli per capire da quali popolazioni storiche derivino gli attuali italiani.

    2. Le grandi fasi genetiche nella storia d’Italia (in sintesi)
    a) Cacciatori-raccoglitori mesolitici (fino a ~8000 a.C.)
    I primi abitanti stabili della penisola dopo l’ultima glaciazione.
    DNA simile agli “Western Hunter-Gatherers” europei (come in Spagna e Francia).
    Quasi completamente sostituiti dagli agricoltori neolitici.

    b) Agricoltori neolitici (da ~7000 a.C.)
    Arrivano dal Vicino Oriente (Anatolia) portando l’agricoltura.
    Hanno un profilo genetico simile a quello che oggi caratterizza in parte la Sardegna, dove il DNA neolitico è rimasto molto conservato.
    Si mescolano con i cacciatori locali → prima grande base genetica “italiana”.

    c) Età del Bronzo (da ~2200 a.C.)
    Arrivano popolazioni di origine indoeuropea dalle steppe (area del Mar Nero e Caspio), portando nuove lingue e una forte componente genetica “delle steppe”.
    Questa componente diventa dominante in gran parte d’Europa, Italia compresa, e forma lo strato su cui nasceranno i popoli italici, latini, osco-umbri, ecc.

    Intorno al 1000 a.C. la popolazione della penisola ha già grosso modo la composizione genetica “di base” che sarà quella dei Romani.

    3. Epoca romana e tardoantica (500 a.C. – 500 d.C.)
    Gli studi del Max Planck Institute e della Sapienza di Roma (pubblicati su Science, 2019) hanno sequenziato 127 genomi da sepolture romane dal 1000 a.C. al 1000 d.C.:
    In epoca repubblicana e imperiale, Roma era estremamente cosmopolita.
    Durante l’Impero, il DNA della popolazione romana mostra forti influenze dal Mediterraneo orientale (Levant, Anatolia, Grecia, Siria, Egitto), coerenti con la mobilità di schiavi e cittadini da tutto l’Impero.
    Dopo la caduta dell’Impero (400–700 d.C.) la componente “orientale” diminuisce, e aumenta quella dell’Europa centrale e settentrionale (Longobardi, Goti, ecc.).

    In sintesi:
    Il DNA “medio romano” del I secolo d.C. non è esattamente lo stesso degli italiani di oggi, ma l’Italia nel suo complesso ha mantenuto un mix genetico simile, solo ribilanciato verso le componenti europee nel Medioevo.

    4. Medioevo – Età moderna
    Le invasioni e dominazioni successive hanno inciso localmente, ma non rivoluzionato la base genetica:

    AreaInfluenze prevalentiNord ItaliaMigrazioni germaniche (Longobardi, Franchi) → piccola ma visibile componente centro-europea.Centro ItaliaBase genetica italico-romana con minori apporti esterni.Sud e SiciliaInfluenze greche (Magna Grecia), arabe e normanne → maggiore mescolanza mediterranea.SardegnaMolto isolata: conserva il DNA neolitico più “puro” d’Europa (simile agli agricoltori anatolici del 7000 a.C.).

    Nel complesso, le popolazioni italiane sono geneticamente molto continue con quelle di 2500–3000 anni fa: non esistono “sostituzioni di massa” dopo l’Età del Ferro, solo graduali apporti regionali.

    5. Conclusione: quanto è “romano” il DNA italiano?
    La base genetica degli italiani moderni risale per lo più all’Età del Bronzo e del Ferro, cioè prima e durante l’epoca romana.
    La componente “romana antica” è ancora fortemente presente in tutta la penisola, ma diluita da flussi successivi.
    In media, si stima che oltre il 70–80% del patrimonio genetico italiano derivi da popolazioni già presenti in Italia prima del 500 a.C.
    In altre parole:

    Il DNA degli italiani di oggi è per larga parte lo stesso che avevano gli abitanti della penisola italica all’epoca dei Romani — con variazioni regionali dovute a invasioni, migrazioni e scambi mediterranei successivi.
    Esistono gli italiani su base genetica, in base agli studi del DNA recenti ? "Il DNA degli italiani di oggi è per larga parte lo stesso che avevano gli abitanti della penisola italica all’epoca dei Romani — con variazioni regionali dovute a invasioni, migrazioni e scambi mediterranei successivi. Nel complesso, le popolazioni italiane sono geneticamente molto continue con quelle di 2500–3000 anni fa: non esistono “sostituzioni di massa” dopo l’Età del Ferro, solo graduali apporti regionali." Quindi, in base alla scienza, genetica insomma, la sostituzione in atto degli italiani oggi è la prima da 2,500 anni G.Zibordi ---------------- Chatgpt ---------- Quando si parla di “DNA degli italiani”, si intende la composizione genetica media della popolazione residente nella Penisola Italiana oggi, che riflette: antiche migrazioni (Neolitico, Età del Bronzo, ecc.); spostamenti storici (Etruschi, Romani, Longobardi, Arabi, Normanni...); e l’isolamento relativo di alcune aree (Sardegna, Alpi, Appennini). Gli studi genomici moderni usano campioni di DNA antico (prelevato da scheletri) e DNA moderno, confrontandoli per capire da quali popolazioni storiche derivino gli attuali italiani. 🏺 2. Le grandi fasi genetiche nella storia d’Italia (in sintesi) 🔹 a) Cacciatori-raccoglitori mesolitici (fino a ~8000 a.C.) I primi abitanti stabili della penisola dopo l’ultima glaciazione. DNA simile agli “Western Hunter-Gatherers” europei (come in Spagna e Francia). Quasi completamente sostituiti dagli agricoltori neolitici. 🔹 b) Agricoltori neolitici (da ~7000 a.C.) Arrivano dal Vicino Oriente (Anatolia) portando l’agricoltura. Hanno un profilo genetico simile a quello che oggi caratterizza in parte la Sardegna, dove il DNA neolitico è rimasto molto conservato. Si mescolano con i cacciatori locali → prima grande base genetica “italiana”. 🔹 c) Età del Bronzo (da ~2200 a.C.) Arrivano popolazioni di origine indoeuropea dalle steppe (area del Mar Nero e Caspio), portando nuove lingue e una forte componente genetica “delle steppe”. Questa componente diventa dominante in gran parte d’Europa, Italia compresa, e forma lo strato su cui nasceranno i popoli italici, latini, osco-umbri, ecc. 👉 Intorno al 1000 a.C. la popolazione della penisola ha già grosso modo la composizione genetica “di base” che sarà quella dei Romani. 🏛️ 3. Epoca romana e tardoantica (500 a.C. – 500 d.C.) Gli studi del Max Planck Institute e della Sapienza di Roma (pubblicati su Science, 2019) hanno sequenziato 127 genomi da sepolture romane dal 1000 a.C. al 1000 d.C.: In epoca repubblicana e imperiale, Roma era estremamente cosmopolita. Durante l’Impero, il DNA della popolazione romana mostra forti influenze dal Mediterraneo orientale (Levant, Anatolia, Grecia, Siria, Egitto), coerenti con la mobilità di schiavi e cittadini da tutto l’Impero. Dopo la caduta dell’Impero (400–700 d.C.) la componente “orientale” diminuisce, e aumenta quella dell’Europa centrale e settentrionale (Longobardi, Goti, ecc.). In sintesi: Il DNA “medio romano” del I secolo d.C. non è esattamente lo stesso degli italiani di oggi, ma l’Italia nel suo complesso ha mantenuto un mix genetico simile, solo ribilanciato verso le componenti europee nel Medioevo. ⚔️ 4. Medioevo – Età moderna Le invasioni e dominazioni successive hanno inciso localmente, ma non rivoluzionato la base genetica: AreaInfluenze prevalentiNord ItaliaMigrazioni germaniche (Longobardi, Franchi) → piccola ma visibile componente centro-europea.Centro ItaliaBase genetica italico-romana con minori apporti esterni.Sud e SiciliaInfluenze greche (Magna Grecia), arabe e normanne → maggiore mescolanza mediterranea.SardegnaMolto isolata: conserva il DNA neolitico più “puro” d’Europa (simile agli agricoltori anatolici del 7000 a.C.). Nel complesso, le popolazioni italiane sono geneticamente molto continue con quelle di 2500–3000 anni fa: non esistono “sostituzioni di massa” dopo l’Età del Ferro, solo graduali apporti regionali. 🧩 5. Conclusione: quanto è “romano” il DNA italiano? La base genetica degli italiani moderni risale per lo più all’Età del Bronzo e del Ferro, cioè prima e durante l’epoca romana. La componente “romana antica” è ancora fortemente presente in tutta la penisola, ma diluita da flussi successivi. In media, si stima che oltre il 70–80% del patrimonio genetico italiano derivi da popolazioni già presenti in Italia prima del 500 a.C. 👉 In altre parole: Il DNA degli italiani di oggi è per larga parte lo stesso che avevano gli abitanti della penisola italica all’epoca dei Romani — con variazioni regionali dovute a invasioni, migrazioni e scambi mediterranei successivi.
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  • Il gen. #FabioMini chiarissimo sulle responsabilità dell’Ucraina in questa guerra @CarloCalenda studi le carte invece di parlare per sentito dire e #Sachs ha pienamente ragione

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    Il gen. #FabioMini chiarissimo sulle responsabilità dell’Ucraina in questa guerra @CarloCalenda studi le carte invece di parlare per sentito dire e #Sachs ha pienamente ragione https://x.com/OrtigiaP/status/1982531530745655469?t=0rzOedPLuIfHp1dvv9HIfw&s=19
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  • How Paper Straws Are Shaping the Future of Sustainable Packaging

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